医学干货 | 外科专业英语术语
译匠
发表于
本月是译匠的医学翻译月，继血液学和骨科专业英语术语学习之后，应译匠（译匠公众号）后台小伙伴要求，继续开展医学和生命科学的干货学习，今天内容是：外科。
外科是研究外科疾病的发生，发展规律及其临床表现，诊断，预防和治疗的科学，是以手术切除、修补为主要治病手段的专业科室。随着显微外科技术的应用，外科得到了较大的发展。各医院外科的专科设置原则与内科类同，通常与内科相对应。外科疾病分为五大类：创伤，感染，肿瘤，畸形和功能障碍。
Surgery is a technology consisting of a physical intervention on tissues.
As a general rule, a procedure is considered surgical when it involves cutting of a patient's tissues or closure of a previously sustained wound. Other procedures that do not necessarily fall under this rubric, such as angioplasty orendoscopy, may be considered surgery if they involve "common" surgical procedure or settings, such as use of a sterile environment, anesthesia, antiseptic conditions, typical surgical instruments, and suturing or stapling. All forms of surgery are considered invasive procedures; so-called "noninvasive surgery" usually refers to an excision that does not penetrate the structure being excised (e.g. laser ablation of the cornea) or to a radiosurgical procedure (e.g. irradiation of a tumor).
为了深化在生命科学领域的学习，本月将精选并发放一些各个门类的专业术语福利，另外也免费开放译匠的专业翻译群组，有微信和QQ群组可选，公众号回复“医学”即可获取加入信息，迎面而来的将是干货十足的“见面礼”。
| 外科 | surgery |
| 生物心理社会模式 | biopsychosocial model |
| 术前评估 | preoperative evaluation |
| 超声诊断 | ultrasonography |
| 血管镜 | angioscopy |
| 腹腔镜外科 | laparoscopic surgery |
| 微创外科 | minimally invasive surgery(MIS) |
| 胆道镜 | choledochoscopy |
| 腹腔镜 | laparoscopy |
| 后穹隆镜 | culdoscopy |
| 腹腔镜胆囊切除术 | laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC |
| 消化内镜 | gastrointestinal endoscopy |
| 止血夹 | haemoclip |
| 内镜下逆行胰胆管造影 | endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP |
| 经导管动脉内药物灌注术 | transcatheter intraarterial infusion, TII |
| 经导管动脉栓塞术 | transcatheter arterial embolization, TAE |
| 无菌原则 | aseptic procedures |
| 无菌术 | aseptic technique |
| 无菌法 | asepsis |
| 抗菌法 | antisepsis |
| 等渗性缺水 | isotonic dehydration |
| 低渗性缺水 | hypotonic dehydration |
| 高渗性缺水 | hypertonic dehydration |
| 水中毒 | water intoxication |
| 低钾血症 | hypokalemia |
| 高钾血症 | hyperkalemia |
| 低钙血症 | hypocalcemia |
| 高钙血症 | hypercalcemia |
| 镁缺乏 | magnesium deficiency |
| 镁过多 | magnesium excess |
| 低磷血症 | hypophosphatemia |
| 高磷血症 | hyperphosphatemia |
| 代谢性酸中毒 | metabolic acidosis |
| 代谢性碱中毒 | metabolic alkalosis |
| 呼吸性酸中毒 | respiratory acidosis |
| 呼吸性碱中毒 | respiratory alkalosis |
| 输血 | blood transfusion |
| 大量输血 | massive transfusion |
| 红细胞生成素 | erythropoietin,EPO |
| 溶血性输血反应 | hemolytic transfusion reactions |
| 自体输血 | autologous blood transfusion |
| 回收式自体输血 | salvaged autotransfusion |
| 预存式自体输血 | predeposited autotransfusion |
| 稀释式自体输血 | hemodiluted autotransfusion |
| 血液成分 | blood components |
| 新鲜冰冻血浆 | fresh frozen plasma,FFP |
| 血液代用品 | blood substitute |
| 休克 | shock |
| 失血性休克 | hemorrhagic shock |
| 创伤性休克 | traumatic shock |
| 脓毒性休克 | septic shock |
| 肠外营养 | total parenteral nutrition ,TPN |
| 肠内营养 | total enteral nutrition ,TEN |
| 基础能量消耗 | basal energy expenditure ,BEE |
| 要素饮食 | elemental diet |
| 多器官功能衰竭 | multiple organ failure ,MOF |
| 急性肾衰竭 | acute renal failure ,ARF |
| 少尿 | oliguria |
| 无尿 | anuria |
| 血液净化 | hemopurification |
| 血液透析 | hemodialysis |
| 腹膜透析 | peritoneal dialysis |
| 应激性溃疡 | stress ulcer |
| 脑水肿 | cerebral edema |
| 急性肝衰竭 | acute hepatic failure |
| 误吸 | aspiration |
| 窒息 | apnea |
| 吸入性肺炎 | aspiration pneumonitis |
| 意识 | consciousness |
| 唤醒 | arousal |
| 觉醒 | awareness |
| 药物治疗 | pharmacological therapy |
| 外伤性癫痫 | post-traumatic epilepsy |
| 急救复苏 | aid and resuscitation |
| 心肺复苏 | cardiopulmonary resuscitation ,CPR |
| 心肺脑复苏 | cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation ,CPCR |
| 基本生命支持（初期复苏） | basic life support ,BLS |
| 后期复苏 | advanced life support ,ALS |
| 复苏后治疗 | post-resuscitation treatment ,PRT |
| 脑保护 | brain protection |
| 脑复苏 | brain resocitation |
| 脑死亡 | brain death |
| 植物状态 | vegetative state |
| 植物人 | persistent vegetative state （PVS） |
| 疼痛治疗 | pain management |
| 神经源性疼痛 | neuropathic pain |
| 心理性疼痛 | psychogenic pain |
| 中枢性疼痛 | central pain |
| 末梢性疼痛 | peripheral pain |
| 单次剂量 | demand dose |
| 面肌痉挛 | facial spasm |
| 三叉神经痛 | trigeminal neuralgia |
| 舌咽神经痛 | glossopharyngeal neuralgia |
| 低氧血症 | hypoxemia |
| 恶性高热 | malignant hyperthermia |
| 低血压 | hypotension |
| 高血压 | hypertension |
| 心律失常 | arrhythmia |
| 心跳骤停 | cardiac arrest |
| 心室纤颤 | ventricular fibrillation |
| 抽搐 | twitching |
| 惊厥 | convulsions |
| 重症监测治疗病室 | intensive care unit ,ICU |
| 恢复体位 | recovery position |
| 中心静脉压 | central venous pressure ,CVP |
| 扭伤 | sprain |
| 挫伤 | contusion |
| 软组织刺伤 | pricking wound |
| 异物 | foreign body |
| 浅部切割伤 | incised wound |
| 敷料更换（换药术） | change of dressing |
| 疖 | furuncle |
| 痈 | carbuncle |
| 急性蜂窝织炎 | acute cellulitis |
| 新生儿皮下坏疽 | subcutaneous gangrene of newborn |
| 急性淋巴管炎 | acute lymphangitis |
| 丹毒 | erysipelas |
| 脓肿 | abscess |
| 甲沟炎 | paronychia |
| 脓性指头炎 | felon |
| 瘘管 | fistula cannulas |
| 窦道 | sinus tract |
| 皮样囊肿 | dermoid cyst |
| 皮脂腺囊肿 | sebaceous cyst |
| 表皮样囊肿 | epidermoid cyst |
| 腱鞘囊肿 | tendinous cyst |
| 外科感染 | surgical infection |
| 脓毒症 | sepsis |
| 脓毒综合征 | sepsis syndrome |
| 菌血症 | bacteremia |
| 真菌感染 | fungal infection |
| 机会感染（条件感染） | opportunistic infection |
| 破伤风 | tetanus |
| 气性坏疽 | gas gangrene |
| 人类免疫缺陷病毒 | human immunodeficiency virus,HIV |
| 创伤 | trauma |
| 清创术 | debridement |
| 止血 | hemostasis |
| 包扎 | bandaging |
| 固定 | fixation |
| 搬运与后送 | transport and evacuation |
| 火器伤 | firearm wound |
| 冲击伤 | blast injury |
| 核武器伤 | nuclear weapon injury |
| 烧伤 | burns |
| 烫伤 | scalding |
| 创面修复 | wound repair |
| 瘢痕 | scar |
| 挛缩 | contraction |
| Ⅰ度烧伤 | first degree burns |
| Ⅱ度烧伤 | second degree burns |
| 浅Ⅱ度烧伤 | Superficial second degree burns |
| 焦痂 | eschar |
| 轻度烧伤 | mild degree burns |
| 中度烧伤 | moderate degree burns |
| 重度烧伤 | severe degree burns |
| 特重烧伤 | major burns |
| 吸入性损伤 | inhalation injury |
| 冷疗 | cold therapy |
| 暴露 | exposure |
| 焦痂切开减张术 | escharotomy |
| 游离皮片移植 | free skin grafting |
| 皮瓣 | flap |
| 电烧伤 | electrical burns |
| 截肢 | amputation |
| 冷伤 | cold injury |
| 冻结性冷伤 | frost cold injury |
| 显微外科 | microsurgery |
| 断指（肢）再植术 | replantation of finger(limb) |
| 端端吻合 | end-to-end anastomosis |
| 端侧吻合 | end-to-side anastomosis |
| 神经外膜缝合 | suture of epineurium |
| 整形外科 | plastic and reconstructive surgery |
| 唇腭裂 | cleft lip and palate |
| 颅缝早闭症 | craniosynostosis |
| 面神经瘫痪 | facial paralysis |
| 小耳畸形 | microtia |
| 无耳畸形 | atresia |
| 多指 | polydactyly |
| 乳房增大 | mammary hypertrophy |
| 尿道下裂 | hypospadias |
| 阴道闭锁 | obliteration of vagina |
| 器官移植 | organ transplantation |
| 移植物 | graft |
| 供者 | donor |
| 受者 | recipient |
| 排斥反应 | rejection |
| 免疫抑制剂 | immunosuppressants |
| 器官切取 | organ procurement |
| 器官保存 | organ preservation |
| 肾移植 | renal transplantation |
| 心脏移植 | cardiac transplantation |
| 肿瘤 | tumor |
| 遗传易感性 | hereditary susceptibility |
| 癌 | carcinoma |
| 肉瘤 | sarcoma |
| 远处转移 | metastasis |
| 化学疗法 | chemotherapy |
| 放射疗法 | radiotherapy |
| 原癌基因 | proto-oncogene |
| 抑癌基因 | anti-oncogene |
| 肿瘤特异性抗原 | tumor-specific antigen,TSA |
| 肿瘤相关抗原 | tumor-associated antigen,TAA |
| 癌胚抗原 | carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA |
| 皮肤乳头状瘤 | skin papilloma |
| 老年性色素疣 | senile pigmental wart |
| 皮肤癌 | skin carcinoma |
| 基底细胞癌 | basal cell carcinoma |
| 鳞状细胞癌 | squamous cell carcinoma |
| 黑痣 | pigment nevus |
| 黑色素瘤 | melanoma |
| 脂肪瘤 | lipoma |
| 纤维瘤 | fibroma |
| 带状纤维瘤 | desmoid fibroma |
| 神经纤维瘤 | neurofibroma |
| 神经鞘瘤 | schwannoma |
| 血管瘤 | hemangioma |
| 颅内压增高 | intracranial hypertension |
| 颅内压 | intracranial pressure, ICP |
| 脑脊液 | cerebrospinal fluid, CSF |
| 计算机辅助断层扫描 | computed tomography, CT |
| 磁共振成像 | magnetic resonance imaging, MRI |
| 数字减影血管造影 | digital subtraction angiography, DSA |
| 脑疝 | brain herniation |
| 小脑幕切迹疝 | transtentorial herniation |
| 枕骨大孔疝 | transforamen magna herniation |
| 颅脑损伤 | craniocerebral injury |
| 对冲伤 | contrecoup injury |
| 格拉斯哥昏迷计分 | Glasgow coma scale |
| 皮下血肿 | subcutaneous hematoma |
| 帽状腱膜下血肿 | subgaleal hematoma |
| 头皮裂伤 | scalp laceration |
| 头皮撕脱伤 | scalp avulsion |
| 颅骨骨折 | skull fracture |
| 线形骨折 | linear fracture |
| 凹陷骨折 | depressed fracture |
| 颅底骨折 | skull base fracture |
| 脑震荡 | cerebral concussion |
| 脑挫裂伤 | cerebral contusion |
| 脑弥漫性轴索损伤 | diffuse axonal injury (DAI) |
| 硬脑膜外血肿 | epidural hematoma |
| 硬脑膜下血肿 | subdural hematoma |
| 脑内血肿 | intracerebral hematoma |
| 脑脊液鼻漏 | cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea |
| 耳漏 | otorrhea |
| 星形细胞肿瘤 | astrocytic tumors |
| 成胶质细胞瘤 | gliobastoma |
| 室管膜瘤 | ependymoma |
| 听神经瘤 | acoustic neuroma |
| 脑膜瘤 | meningioma |
| 生殖细胞瘤 | germ cell tumors |
| 垂体腺瘤 | pituitary adenoma |
| 颅咽管瘤 | craniopharyngioma |
| 脊索瘤 | chordoma |
| 脑转移瘤 | metastasis tumor of brain |
| 蛛网膜下腔出血 | subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH |
| 颅内动脉瘤 | intracranial aneurysm |
| 震颤麻痹 | shaking palsy |
| 癫痫 | epilepsy |
| 外科 | surgery |
| 生物心理社会模式 | biopsychosocial model |
| 术前评估 | preoperative evaluation |
| 超声诊断 | ultrasonography |
| 血管镜 | angioscopy |
| 腹腔镜外科 | laparoscopic surgery |
| 微创外科 | minimally invasive surgery(MIS) |
| 胆道镜 | choledochoscopy |
| 腹腔镜 | laparoscopy |
| 后穹隆镜 | culdoscopy |
| 腹腔镜胆囊切除术 | laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC |
| 消化内镜 | gastrointestinal endoscopy |
| 止血夹 | haemoclip |
| 内镜下逆行胰胆管造影 | endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP |
| 经导管动脉内药物灌注术 | transcatheter intraarterial infusion, TII |
| 经导管动脉栓塞术 | transcatheter arterial embolization, TAE |
| 无菌原则 | aseptic procedures |
| 无菌术 | aseptic technique |
| 无菌法 | asepsis |
| 抗菌法 | antisepsis |
| 等渗性缺水 | isotonic dehydration |
| 低渗性缺水 | hypotonic dehydration |
| 高渗性缺水 | hypertonic dehydration |
| 水中毒 | water intoxication |
| 低钾血症 | hypokalemia |
| 高钾血症 | hyperkalemia |
| 低钙血症 | hypocalcemia |
| 高钙血症 | hypercalcemia |
| 镁缺乏 | magnesium deficiency |
| 镁过多 | magnesium excess |
| 低磷血症 | hypophosphatemia |
| 高磷血症 | hyperphosphatemia |
| 代谢性酸中毒 | metabolic acidosis |
| 代谢性碱中毒 | metabolic alkalosis |
| 呼吸性酸中毒 | respiratory acidosis |
| 呼吸性碱中毒 | respiratory alkalosis |
| 输血 | blood transfusion |
| 大量输血 | massive transfusion |
| 红细胞生成素 | erythropoietin,EPO |
| 溶血性输血反应 | hemolytic transfusion reactions |
| 自体输血 | autologous blood transfusion |
| 回收式自体输血 | salvaged autotransfusion |
| 预存式自体输血 | predeposited autotransfusion |
| 稀释式自体输血 | hemodiluted autotransfusion |
| 血液成分 | blood components |
| 新鲜冰冻血浆 | fresh frozen plasma,FFP |
| 血液代用品 | blood substitute |
| 休克 | shock |
| 失血性休克 | hemorrhagic shock |
| 创伤性休克 | traumatic shock |
| 脓毒性休克 | septic shock |
| 肠外营养 | total parenteral nutrition ,TPN |
| 肠内营养 | total enteral nutrition ,TEN |
| 基础能量消耗 | basal energy expenditure ,BEE |
| 要素饮食 | elemental diet |
| 多器官功能衰竭 | multiple organ failure ,MOF |
| 急性肾衰竭 | acute renal failure ,ARF |
| 少尿 | oliguria |
| 无尿 | anuria |
| 血液净化 | hemopurification |
| 血液透析 | hemodialysis |
| 腹膜透析 | peritoneal dialysis |
| 应激性溃疡 | stress ulcer |
| 脑水肿 | cerebral edema |
| 急性肝衰竭 | acute hepatic failure |
| 误吸 | aspiration |
| 窒息 | apnea |
| 吸入性肺炎 | aspiration pneumonitis |
| 意识 | consciousness |
| 唤醒 | arousal |
| 觉醒 | awareness |
| 药物治疗 | pharmacological therapy |
| 外伤性癫痫 | post-traumatic epilepsy |
| 急救复苏 | aid and resuscitation |
| 心肺复苏 | cardiopulmonary resuscitation ,CPR |
| 心肺脑复苏 | cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation ,CPCR |
| 基本生命支持（初期复苏） | basic life support ,BLS |
| 后期复苏 | advanced life support ,ALS |
| 复苏后治疗 | post-resuscitation treatment ,PRT |
| 脑保护 | brain protection |
| 脑复苏 | brain resocitation |
| 脑死亡 | brain death |
| 植物状态 | vegetative state |
| 植物人 | persistent vegetative state （PVS） |
| 疼痛治疗 | pain management |
| 神经源性疼痛 | neuropathic pain |
| 心理性疼痛 | psychogenic pain |
| 中枢性疼痛 | central pain |
| 末梢性疼痛 | peripheral pain |
| 单次剂量 | demand dose |
| 面肌痉挛 | facial spasm |
| 三叉神经痛 | trigeminal neuralgia |
| 舌咽神经痛 | glossopharyngeal neuralgia |
| 低氧血症 | hypoxemia |
| 恶性高热 | malignant hyperthermia |
| 低血压 | hypotension |
| 高血压 | hypertension |
| 心律失常 | arrhythmia |
| 心跳骤停 | cardiac arrest |
| 心室纤颤 | ventricular fibrillation |
| 抽搐 | twitching |
| 惊厥 | convulsions |
| 重症监测治疗病室 | intensive care unit ,ICU |
| 恢复体位 | recovery position |
| 中心静脉压 | central venous pressure ,CVP |
| 扭伤 | sprain |
| 挫伤 | contusion |
| 软组织刺伤 | pricking wound |
| 异物 | foreign body |
| 浅部切割伤 | incised wound |
| 敷料更换（换药术） | change of dressing |
| 疖 | furuncle |
| 痈 | carbuncle |
| 急性蜂窝织炎 | acute cellulitis |
| 新生儿皮下坏疽 | subcutaneous gangrene of newborn |
| 急性淋巴管炎 | acute lymphangitis |
| 丹毒 | erysipelas |
| 脓肿 | abscess |
| 甲沟炎 | paronychia |
| 脓性指头炎 | felon |
| 瘘管 | fistula cannulas |
| 窦道 | sinus tract |
| 皮样囊肿 | dermoid cyst |
| 皮脂腺囊肿 | sebaceous cyst |
| 表皮样囊肿 | epidermoid cyst |
| 腱鞘囊肿 | tendinous cyst |
| 外科感染 | surgical infection |
| 脓毒症 | sepsis |
| 脓毒综合征 | sepsis syndrome |
| 菌血症 | bacteremia |
| 真菌感染 | fungal infection |
| 机会感染（条件感染） | opportunistic infection |
| 破伤风 | tetanus |
| 气性坏疽 | gas gangrene |
| 人类免疫缺陷病毒 | human immunodeficiency virus ,HIV |
| 创伤 | trauma |
| 清创术 | debridement |
| 止血 | hemostasis |
| 包扎 | bandaging |
| 固定 | fixation |
| 搬运与后送 | transport and evacuation |
| 火器伤 | firearm wound |
| 冲击伤 | blast injury |
| 核武器伤 | nuclear weapon injury |
| 烧伤 | burns |
| 烫伤 | scalding |
| 创面修复 | wound repair |
| 瘢痕 | scar |
| 挛缩 | contraction |
| Ⅰ度烧伤 | first degree burns |
| Ⅱ度烧伤 | second degree burns |
| 浅Ⅱ度烧伤 | Superficial second degree burns |
| 焦痂 | eschar |
| 轻度烧伤 | mild degree burns |
| 中度烧伤 | moderate degree burns |
| 重度烧伤 | severe degree burns |
| 特重烧伤 | major burns |
| 吸入性损伤 | inhalation injury |
| 冷疗 | cold therapy |
| 暴露 | exposure |
| 焦痂切开减张术 | escharotomy |
| 游离皮片移植 | free skin grafting |
| 皮瓣 | flap |
| 电烧伤 | electrical burns |
| 截肢 | amputation |
| 冷伤 | cold injury |
| 冻结性冷伤 | frost cold injury |
| 显微外科 | microsurgery |
| 断指（肢）再植术 | replantation of finger(limb) |
| 端端吻合 | end-to-end anastomosis |
| 端侧吻合 | end-to-side anastomosis |
| 神经外膜缝合 | suture of epineurium |
| 整形外科 | plastic and reconstructive surgery |
| 唇腭裂 | cleft lip and palate |
| 颅缝早闭症 | craniosynostosis |
| 面神经瘫痪 | facial paralysis |
| 小耳畸形 | microtia |
| 无耳畸形 | atresia |
| 多指 | polydactyly |
| 乳房增大 | mammary hypertrophy |
| 尿道下裂 | hypospadias |
| 阴道闭锁 | obliteration of vagina |
| 器官移植 | organ transplantation |
| 移植物 | graft |
| 供者 | donor |
| 受者 | recipient |
| 排斥反应 | rejection |
| 免疫抑制剂 | immunosuppressants |
| 器官切取 | organ procurement |
| 器官保存 | organ preservation |
| 肾移植 | renal transplantation |
| 心脏移植 | cardiac transplantation |
| 肿瘤 | tumor |
| 遗传易感性 | hereditary susceptibility |
| 癌 | carcinoma |
| 肉瘤 | sarcoma |
| 远处转移 | metastasis |
| 化学疗法 | chemotherapy |
| 放射疗法 | radiotherapy |
| 原癌基因 | proto-oncogene |
| 抑癌基因 | anti-oncogene |
| 肿瘤特异性抗原 | tumor-specific antigen,TSA |
| 肿瘤相关抗原 | tumor-associated antigen,TAA |
| 癌胚抗原 | carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA |
| 皮肤乳头状瘤 | skin papilloma |
| 老年性色素疣 | senile pigmental wart |
| 皮肤癌 | skin carcinoma |
| 基底细胞癌 | basal cell carcinoma |
| 鳞状细胞癌 | squamous cell carcinoma |
| 黑痣 | pigment nevus |
| 黑色素瘤 | melanoma |
| 脂肪瘤 | lipoma |
| 纤维瘤 | fibroma |
| 带状纤维瘤 | desmoid fibroma |
| 神经纤维瘤 | neurofibroma |
| 神经鞘瘤 | schwannoma |
| 血管瘤 | hemangioma |
| 颅内压增高 | intracranial hypertension |
| 颅内压 | intracranial pressure, ICP |
| 脑脊液 | cerebrospinal fluid, CSF |
| 计算机辅助断层扫描 | computed tomography, CT |
| 磁共振成像 | magnetic resonance imaging, MRI |
| 数字减影血管造影 | digital subtraction angiography, DSA |
| 脑疝 | brain herniation |
| 小脑幕切迹疝 | transtentorial herniation |
| 枕骨大孔疝 | transforamen magna herniation |
| 颅脑损伤 | craniocerebral injury |
| 对冲伤 | contrecoup injury |
| 格拉斯哥昏迷计分 | Glasgow coma scale |
| 皮下血肿 | subcutaneous hematoma |
| 帽状腱膜下血肿 | subgaleal hematoma |
| 头皮裂伤 | scalp laceration |
| 头皮撕脱伤 | scalp avulsion |
| 颅骨骨折 | skull fracture |
| 线形骨折 | linear fracture |
| 凹陷骨折 | depressed fracture |
| 颅底骨折 | skull base fracture |
| 脑震荡 | cerebral concussion |
| 脑挫裂伤 | cerebral contusion |
| 脑弥漫性轴索损伤 | diffuse axonal injury (DAI) |
| 硬脑膜外血肿 | epidural hematoma |
| 硬脑膜下血肿 | subdural hematoma |
| 脑内血肿 | intracerebral hematoma |
| 脑脊液鼻漏 | cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea |
| 耳漏 | otorrhea |
| 星形细胞肿瘤 | astrocytic tumors |
| 成胶质细胞瘤 | gliobastoma |
| 室管膜瘤 | ependymoma |
| 听神经瘤 | acoustic neuroma |
| 脑膜瘤 | meningioma |
| 生殖细胞瘤 | germ cell tumors |
| 垂体腺瘤 | pituitary adenoma |
| 颅咽管瘤 | craniopharyngioma |
| 脊索瘤 | chordoma |
| 脑转移瘤 | metastasis tumor of brain |
| 蛛网膜下腔出血 | subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH |
| 颅内动脉瘤 | intracranial aneurysm |
| 震颤麻痹 | shaking palsy |
| 癫痫 | epilepsy |
| 单纯性甲状腺肿 | simple goiter |
| 结节性甲状腺肿 | nodular goiter |
| 甲状腺功能亢进 | hyperthyroidism |
| 高功能腺瘤 | hyperfunctioning thyroid adenoma |
| 甲状旁腺功能减退 | hypoparathyroidism |
| 甲状腺危象 | thyroid crisis |
| 甲状腺腺瘤 | thyroid adenoma |
| 单纯性甲状腺肿 | simple goiter |
| 结节性甲状腺肿 | nodular goiter |
| 甲状腺功能亢进 | hyperthyroidism |
| 高功能腺瘤 | hyperfunctioning thyroid adenoma |
| 甲状旁腺功能减退 | hypoparathyroidism |
| 甲状腺危象 | thyroid crisis |
| 甲状腺腺瘤 | thyroid adenoma |
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