新华社采访：“一带一路”给发展中国家带来信心，“三方合作”模式更具持续性

“一带一路”倡议已经5年，怎样才能走得更远、更扎实，真正实现全球经济的普惠共享发展？

在第二届“一带一路”峰会论坛期间，我接受了新华社记者的采访，主要回答了两个问题：

1） “一带一路”倡议对沿线国家的发展繁荣发挥了哪些具体作用？

2）对“一带一路”的建设中与“第三方”的合作有什么样的意义？

新华社把对我的采访剪辑成两段，自发布后两段视频浏览量已超过85万，“新丝路咨询”还迅速翻译了英语版（见文末）。

首先，“一带一路”倡议在沿线国家发挥的积极作用是多方面的，很多舆论都会提到基础设施建设的进展，这是很重要的一方面。也许更重要的是，“一带一路”倡议为这些国家带来了信心和机遇。我们常说信心比黄金更重要，中国发展的经验证明了每个国家都有比较优势，可以在国际市场上找到属于自己的发展空间。“一带一路”带来的机遇也是多方面的，不仅是基础设施，也有制造业、服务业，有国内市场也有国际市场。特别要提到的是，“一带一路”倡议也为发展中国家培养人才提供了新的机遇，来中国进修、学习的年轻人越来越多，他们的作用就好比当年中国留学生到发达国家求学，后来为国家的改革开放做出了重要贡献。对于这些发展中国家的学生来说，中国是很好的学习和实践的地方，中国40年来的发展走过了发达国家100多年的历程，很多疑难杂症都经历过，很多解决方案都不能用西方经济学的理论来解释，中国的经验更适合发展中国家学习。现在很多高校都有为发展中国家培养人才而设立的学院，例如北京大学的南南学院、清华大学的苏世民学院、人民大学的丝路学院等等，广受欢迎和好评。这些学生将为他们本国的发展带来新知识、新思想，其重要性不亚于基础设施的硬件。

在“一带一路”的建设中要加强与“第三方”的合作。“第三方”主要是指中国、“一带一路”建设落地国家以外的其他利益相关方，比如发达国家政府、政府间国际组织、非政府组织、国际学术或智库机构等等，我主要讲与跨国的企业和多边开发性金融组织的合作。

从国际企业层面来看，可以是投资（运营）商、制造业、服务业、零售业等方面的跨国企业。在“一带一路”项目建设中，中国的企业往往集中在基础设施、资源开发等领域，而基础设施和资源项目要充分发挥作用、造福于当地百姓就要发展当地的加工制造业。我们北大新结构经济学研究院的国际智库团队就致力于甄别发展中国家的自然禀赋条件，推动基于其比较优势的相关制造业发展，特别是通过工业园区实现短平快的产业转移。由于发展中国家的本地市场有限，制造业的产品就需要国际市场，尤其是争取与欧美发达国家的国际品牌和买家公司投资园区落地。

在“一带一路”建设中，中国的企业可以借力国际多边发展性金融机构，比如世界银行、非洲发展银行等。多边开发银行与发展中国家有密切的合作关系，他们也有完整的金融工具（如贷款、股权、担保、技术援助等）支持发展中国家不同类别的项目，而且在项目评估方面遵循更为广泛的环境和社会保障标准。如果中国企业在“一带一路”的投资和建设项目与多边开发银行合作共同为“一带一路”项目联合融资，不仅可以分担项目财务风险，更重要的是评估项目时所采用的环境、社会保障标准得到国际社会认可，确保所谓落后和高污染的产能、设备、产品不能用于“一带一路”建设。

总之，在推进“一带一路”过程中与国际金融组织合作具有重大意义，将有助于“一带一路”的理念在国际层面获得广泛认同，有利于“一带一路”在多边合作的框架下整体推进，也有利于澄清“一带一路”是中国单方面行动的疑虑和误区，并化解“一带一路”所面临的各种风险与挑战。

采访英文版

Yu Jia discusses 3 way cooperation and BRI confidence

Dr. Jia Yu is Senior Operations Officer and the Director of International Development Cooperation at the Institute of New Structural Economics at Peking University.

ENGLISH TRANSLATION AND TRANSCRIPT OF XINHUA NEWS VIDEO BY the Belt and Road Advisory

Video 1：

So in the real process of cooperation between China and many developing countries, it is very important for China to more proactively promote three way cooperation. Now what do I mean when I say "three way cooperation.” Well, in addition to China, and the host country itself, we also hope to introduce a third party, which could be the government of a developed country or a large multinational company. It may also be some international organization or a financial institution to complete this “three way cooperation model.” 

Doing projects this way fosters transparency and therefore does not give the impression that China is exporting something in a unilateral fashion, and therefore be seen as more “win-win” in nature. In addition, for example, for most overseas projects, financing is also a big risk and often a topic of contention.  But if China cooperates with international organizations, such as the World Bank or some development banks there is a a halo effect as their lending practices are considered a standard that is acceptable to the world. 

Doing things this way makes the process of promoting the project easier and more palatable to all. So this model, which we call the “three way cooperation model”, actually can be a truly sustainable and overall very effective model for China to pursue under the BRI.

Video 2：

It is widely is believed that the Belt and Road Initiative will, first of all, lead to the development of many neighboring countries in terms of infrastructure. Well, data of this kind can be found through different channels. We have all heard about the “hard infrastructure” that has been built including roads, railways and so on. However today I would like to take advantage of this opportunity to discuss perhaps an even greater impact China has brought to it’s BRI partner countries and that is:  the confidence that these countries can take advantage of these growth opportunities and develop successfully in the manner that fits their needs.

It is not to say that confidence is more precious than gold but it is true that confidence is a key part of every country’s future plans—no matter what its current level of development is.  Each country will certainly seek out its own unique development advantages. It is also true that these development plans will be executed in the context of what is going on in other countries around the world. .And as everyone knows by now, the Belt and Road Initiative not only involves infrastructure cooperation, but also manufacturing and service industry cooperation. And not only for their own markets, but also for international markets. So in this case the confidence that developing countries get from observing what is going on all around them in the Belt and Road Initiative can inspire them to take advantage of new opportunities for prosperity and development.