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VII. Exercising Law-Based Governance on All Fronts and Advancing the Rule of Law in China
全面依法治国是国家治理的一场深刻革命，关系党执政兴国，关系人民幸福安康，关系党和国家长治久安。
The comprehensive advancement of law-based governance has been a profound revolution in China’s governance. Law-based governance is important for the Party’s success in governing and rejuvenating the country, for the wellbeing of the people, and for the long-term stability of the Party and the country.
必须更好发挥法治固根本、稳预期、利长远的保障作用，在法治轨道上全面建设社会主义现代化国家。
We must give better play to the role of the rule of law in consolidating foundations, ensuring stable expectations, and delivering long-term benefits, and we must strive to build a modern socialist country in all respects under the rule of law.
我们要坚持走中国特色社会主义法治道路，建设中国特色社会主义法治体系、建设社会主义法治国家，
We must follow a path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics, develop a Chinese system of socialist rule of law, and establish China as a socialist country under the rule of law.
围绕保障和促进社会公平正义，坚持依法治国、依法执政、依法行政共同推进，坚持法治国家、法治政府、法治社会一体建设，
We must, with a focus on protecting and promoting social fairness and justice, pursue coordinated progress in law-based governance, law-based exercise of state power, and law-based government administration and take integrated steps to build a country, government, and society based on the rule of law.
全面推进科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法，全面推进国家各方面工作法治化。
We will make all-around efforts to ensure sound legislation, strict law enforcement, impartial administration of justice, and society-wide observance of the law and see that all work of the state is carried out under the rule of law.
legislation
表示“法律；立法”，英文解释为“a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament”举个🌰：
The government has promised to introduce legislation to limit fuel emissions from cars.
政府许诺将通过立法来限制汽车尾气排放。
impartial
impartial /ɪmˈpɑː.ʃəl/ 表示“公正的，无偏见的”，英文解释为“not supporting any of the sides involved in an argument”如：impartial advice 客观公正的建议。
（一）完善以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系。
1. Improving the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics with the Constitution at its core
坚持依法治国首先要坚持依宪治国，坚持依法执政首先要坚持依宪执政，
Law-based governance and law-based exercise of state power begin with compliance with the Constitution.
compliance
表示“服从；遵守；依从”，英文解释为“the act of obeying an order, rule, or request”举个🌰：
It is the job of the inspectors to enforce compliance with the regulations.
强制人们遵守法规是督察的责任。
坚持宪法确定的中国共产党领导地位不动摇，坚持宪法确定的人民民主专政的国体和人民代表大会制度的政体不动摇。
We must remain firmly committed to leadership of the Party, to the state system of people’s democratic dictatorship, and to the political system of people’s congresses, all of which are mandated by the Constitution.
mandate
表示“命令；要求；强制执行；授权”，英文解释为“to order someone to do something”举个🌰：
Our delegates have been mandated to vote against the proposal at the conference.
我们的代表受命在会议上对提议投反对票。
加强宪法实施和监督，健全保证宪法全面实施的制度体系，更好发挥宪法在治国理政中的重要作用，维护宪法权威。
We will better implement the Constitution and conduct constitutional oversight, and we will improve the systems for ensuring full compliance with the Constitution, so as to give better play to the Constitution’s important role in China’s governance and uphold its authority.
加强重点领域、新兴领域、涉外领域立法，统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治，以良法促进发展、保障善治。
We will step up legislation in key, emerging, and foreign-related fields and advance the rule of law in domestic and foreign-related affairs in a coordinated manner, so that good laws are made to promote development and ensure good governance.
推进科学立法、民主立法、依法立法，统筹立改废释纂，增强立法系统性、整体性、协同性、时效性。
We will make further headway in making laws in a well-conceived and democratic way and in accordance with the law; we will take coordinated steps to enact, revise, abolish, interpret, and codify laws; and we will see that legislative work is more systematic, holistic, coordinated, and responsive.
conceive
1）conceive (of) sth (as sth)表示“想出（主意、计划等）；想象；构想；设想”，英文解释为“to form an idea, a plan, etc. in your mind; to imagine sth”举个🌰：
God is often conceived of as male.
上帝常常被想象为男性。
2）另一个含义表示“怀孕；怀（胎）”，英文解释为“When a woman conceives or conceives a child , she becomes pregnant”。
🎬电影《云图》（Cloud Atlas）中的台词提到：One may transcend any convention, if only one can first conceive of doing so. 一个人可以打破任何陈规，只要这个人能首先想到这样做。
🎬电影《最后的维加斯》（Last Vegas）中的台词提到：My brain cannot conceive how old this body is. 我的脑袋没办法接受老去的躯体。
🎵歌曲《A Better Way》中就有这么一句歌词：
I'll try
📍well-conceived 表示“策划周密的，精心构思的”，ill-conceived /ˌɪl.kənˈsiːvd/ 表示“计划不周的；不明智的”，英文解释为“badly planned and unwise”举个🌰：
The whole project was ill-conceived.
整个项目计划不周。
codify
codify /ˈkəʊ.dɪ.faɪ/ 表示“把…编成法典；编纂（法典、条例等）”，英文解释为“to arrange something, such as laws or rules, into a system”
holistic
holistic /həˈlɪs.tɪk/ 表示“整体的，全面的”，英文解释为“dealing with or treating the whole of something or someone and not just a part”举个🌰：
My doctor takes a holistic approach to disease.
我的医生采用了一种全面的治疗方法。
完善和加强备案审查制度。
Improvements will be made to the record and review system for normative documents.
normative
normative /ˈnɔː.mə.tɪv/ 表示“标准的，规范的”，英文解释为“relating to rules, or making people obey rules, especially rules of behaviour”
坚持科学决策、民主决策、依法决策，全面落实重大决策程序制度。
We must ensure sound, democratic, and law-based decision-making and fully implement the procedural system for making major decisions.
procedural
procedural /prəˈsiː.dʒər.əl/ 表示“程序上的；程序性的”，英文解释为“relating to a set of actions that is the official, legal, or accepted way of doing something”举个🌰：
The procedural changes were meant to simplify the system.
程序上的改变旨在简化系统。
（二）扎实推进依法行政。
2. Steadily advancing law-based government administration
法治政府建设是全面依法治国的重点任务和主体工程。
Building a law-based government is a key task and major part of comprehensively advancing law-based governance.
转变政府职能，优化政府职责体系和组织结构，推进机构、职能、权限、程序、责任法定化，提高行政效率和公信力。
We will transform government functions, improve the government responsibility system and organizational structure, and establish legal footing for government institutions, functions, powers, procedures, and responsibilities, so as to enhance the efficiency and credibility of government administration.
深化事业单位改革。
We will deepen reform of public institutions.
深化行政执法体制改革，全面推进严格规范公正文明执法，加大关系群众切身利益的重点领域执法力度，
With regard to administrative law enforcement, we will advance structural reform to ensure that it is strict, procedure-based, impartial, and civil across the board, and we will intensify it in key areas involving the people’s immediate interests.
完善行政执法程序，健全行政裁量基准。强化行政执法监督机制和能力建设，严格落实行政执法责任制和责任追究制度。
We will refine law enforcement procedures and the standards for administrative discretion, enhance oversight mechanisms and oversight capacity, and strictly implement responsibility and accountability systems.
discretion
表示“决定权；决策力；决断能力；处理权；酌情决定权”，英文解释为“the right or ability to decide something”举个🌰：
Students can be expelled at the discretion of the principal (= if the principal decides it).
校长有权开除学生。
I leave the decision to your discretion (= for you to decide).
我让你来决定这件事。
📍补充莎士比亚的名言：Discretion is the better part of valour. 中文译为：谨慎即大勇；知进退方可言大勇；知慎近乎勇；勇敢者贵在审慎。英文解释为“used to say that it is better to be careful than to take unnecessary risks”。
完善基层综合执法体制机制。
We will also improve the systems and mechanisms for coordinated law enforcement at the community level.
（三）严格公正司法。
3. Ensuring strict and impartial administration of justice
公正司法是维护社会公平正义的最后一道防线。
An impartial judiciary is the last line of defense for social fairness and justice.
judiciary
judiciary /dʒuːˈdɪʃ.ər.i/ 表示“（政府的）司法部；司法系统”，英文解释为“the part of a country's government that is responsible for its legal system, including all the judges in the country's courts”如：a member of the judiciary 司法部成员。
深化司法体制综合配套改革，全面准确落实司法责任制，加快建设公正高效权威的社会主义司法制度，
We will deepen comprehensive and integrated reform of the judicial system, fully and faithfully enforce judicial accountability, and accelerate the development of a fair, efficient, and authoritative socialist judicial system.
努力让人民群众在每一个司法案件中感受到公平正义。
We will see that the people feel justice has been served in each and every judicial case.
规范司法权力运行，健全公安机关、检察机关、审判机关、司法行政机关各司其职、相互配合、相互制约的体制机制。
We will ensure the well-regulated exercise of judicial power and improve the systems and mechanisms that enable public security organs, procuratorates, courts, and administrative agencies for justice to perform their respective functions and to coordinate with and check one another.
procuratorate
📍procuratorate /'prɒkjʊə,reɪtərɪt/ 表示“检察院”，英文解释为“In China: the public prosecutor's department, or the body of public prosecutors, at any of various levels of court hierarchy.”
📍procurator /ˈprɒkjʊˌreɪtə/ 表示“（前苏联）检察长；（天主教）教会官员；（古罗马帝国的）地方行政官员”，英文解释为“A procurator is an administrative official with legal powers, especially in the former Soviet Union, the Roman Catholic Church, or the ancient Roman Empire.”
强化对司法活动的制约监督，促进司法公正。
Checks and oversight on judicial activities will be enhanced to ensure judicial justice.
加强检察机关法律监督工作。完善公益诉讼制度。
Procuratorial organs will step up legal oversight, and the system of public-interest litigation will be improved.
litigation
litigation /ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪʃən/ 表示“诉讼；打官司”，英文解释为“Litigation is the process of fighting or defending a case in a civil court of law.”
（四）加快建设法治社会。
4. Stepping up efforts to establish the rule of law throughout society
法治社会是构筑法治国家的基础。
A society based on the rule of law is the foundation on which we can build a country under the rule of law.
弘扬社会主义法治精神，传承中华优秀传统法律文化，引导全体人民做社会主义法治的忠实崇尚者、自觉遵守者、坚定捍卫者。
We will promote socialist rule of law and carry forward fine traditional Chinese legal culture, and we will encourage all our people to truly revere, readily observe, and firmly defend socialist rule of law.
建设覆盖城乡的现代公共法律服务体系，深入开展法治宣传教育，增强全民法治观念。
We will develop a modern public legal service system that covers both urban and rural populations and carry out intensive activities to raise public awareness of the rule of law.
推进多层次多领域依法治理，提升社会治理法治化水平。
We will advance law-based governance at multiple levels and in multiple areas and enhance the rule of law in social governance.
发挥领导干部示范带头作用，努力使尊法学法守法用法在全社会蔚然成风。
We will see that leading officials play an exemplary role and work hard to make respecting, learning about, observing, and applying the law common practice throughout society.
exemplary
exemplary /ɪɡˈzem.plər.i/ 1）表示“（处罚）惩戒性的”，英文解释为“An exemplary punishment is severe and intended as a warning to others.”举个🌰：
The judge awarded exemplary damages.
法官判罚损害赔偿金，以儆效尤。
2）表示“优异的；值得效仿的；（可作）楷模的”，英文解释为“very good and suitable to be copied by other people”举个🌰：
His tact was exemplary, especially considering the circumstances.
他的策略堪称典范，尤其是考虑到当时的情形。
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「重点归纳」
advancing the rule of law in China
深刻革命
a profound revolution
依法治国
law-based governance
党和国家长治久安
the long-term stability of the Party and the country
法治
the rule of law
固根本、稳预期、利长远
consolidating foundations, ensuring stable expectations, and delivering long-term benefits
全面建设社会主义现代化国家
build a modern socialist country in all respects
中国特色社会主义法治道路
a path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics
中国特色社会主义法治体系
a Chinese system of socialist rule of law
社会主义法治国家
a socialist country under the rule of law
社会公平正义
social fairness and justice
依法执政
law-based exercise of state power
依法行政
law-based government administration
共同推进
pursue coordinated progress in
科学立法
sound legislation
严格执法
strict law enforcement
公正司法
impartial administration of justice
全民守法
society-wide observance of the law
法治化
under the rule of law
中国特色社会主义法律体系
the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics
人民民主专政的国体
the state system of people’s democratic dictatorship
人民代表大会制度的政体
the political system of people’s congresses
重点领域、新兴领域、涉外领域
key, emerging, and foreign-related fields
国内法治和涉外法治
the rule of law in domestic and foreign-related affairs
统筹
in a coordinated manner
良法
good laws
善治
good governance
科学立法、民主立法、依法立法
making laws in a well-conceived and democratic way and in accordance with the law
统筹
take coordinated steps to
立改废释纂
enact, revise, abolish, interpret, and codify (laws)
系统性、整体性、协同性、时效性
systematic, holistic, coordinated, and responsive
备案审查制度
the record and review system (for normative documents)
科学决策、民主决策、依法决策
sound, democratic, and law-based decision-making
重大决策程序制度
the procedural system for making major decisions
法治政府建设
building a law-based government
转变政府职能
transform government functions
政府职责体系和组织结构
the government responsibility system and organizational structure
效率和公信力
efficiency and credibility
事业单位
public institutions
严格规范公正文明
strict, procedure-based, impartial, and civil
全面
across the board
关系群众切身利益
involving the people’s immediate interests
行政裁量基准
the standards for administrative discretion
责任制和责任追究制度
responsibility and accountability systems
基层综合执法
coordinated law enforcement at the community level
维护社会公平正义
defense for social fairness and justice
司法体制
the judicial system
综合配套改革
comprehensive and integrated reform
司法责任（制）
judicial accountability
公正高效权威的社会主义司法制度
a fair, efficient, and authoritative socialist judicial system
每一个司法案件
each and every judicial case
公安机关
public security organs
检察机关
procuratorates / rocuratorial organs
司法行政机关
administrative agencies for justice
司法公正
judicial justice
公益诉讼制度
the system of public-interest litigationp
法治社会
a society based on the rule of law
中华优秀传统法律文化
fine traditional Chinese legal culture
忠实崇尚、自觉遵守、坚定捍卫
truly revere, readily observe, and firmly defend
现代公共法律服务体系
a modern public legal service system
增强全民法治观念
raise public awareness of the rule of law
多层次多领域
at multiple levels and in multiple areas
领导干部
leading officials
发挥示范带头作用
play an exemplary role
尊法学法守法用法
respecting, learning about, observing, and applying the law
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