场域理论新见：HowFieldsVary
预告：
【152-155期】4位英国中生代社会学理论家的作品（2005年+的phd毕业）
此为第152期
——
Krause, Monika. forthcoming. “How Fields Vary.” The British Journal of Sociology.
* Honorable Mention, Junior Theorist Award, Theory Section of the American Sociological Association
注：Krause的这篇文章，模板化/技术操作感非常强....因此语言的表达效率很高，当然有的批评也感觉容易大路货，但也容易读者很快地定位到她的创见。Krause简洁地引用了大量的案例，尤其是她擅长的专业领域的他人的经验研究（包括她自己的博论）。
1.问题意识
（1）主流是研究the particular properties of each field studied，
（2）新兴是variation among fields,
（3）但目前仍然There has been no dedicated discussion of the variable properties of fields discussed in the writings of Pierre Bourdieu and the tradition as a whole as it has developed in research using his work.
2. 研究意义
（1）更好地描述特定场域（多样性）
（2）有利于生成假设（越变异、假设越竞争、检验越经验）
（3）有助于场域研究中会有的隐含的规范性主张（常会认为自主的场域才是好的场域）
3. 为何vary这个问题会被忽视？
场域论研究学者习惯将场域概念孤立出来，不与布迪厄的其它脉络与概念连用Bourdieusians, secondly, have at times been hesitant to focus on the formal status of the concept of field because they have been reluctant to isolate a concern with fields from the intellectual context of Bourdieu’s work as a whole
而且，学者喜欢选择地使用“场域”一词去概括自己看到的秩序，也就是说：大家喜欢证实自己的假设，而不是去发现变异。I would call a degenerative research programme one that applies its concepts and hypothesis to the world and seeks data to confirm their usefulness
4. 作者立场：中观取向、假设取向、关系取向
‘Field’ as a hypothesis for meso-level relationships
... The field-theoretical tradition consists of two elements: on the one hand, it entails a specific approach, which it brings to all objects of analysis, and on the other hand, it has generated a set of hypotheses about fields and about specific kinds of fields, which need to be examined empirically for every case.
...As part of its approach, field theory tends to conceive of its objects relationally; that is the focus is on relationships, not on entities
...
Among relational sociological approaches, field theory focuses specifically on
relationships between actors – individual or corporate – that take each other
into account, either directly
We could in principle call all relationships whereby actors are oriented towards each other a ‘field’.
5. 场域变异的维度
作者从autonomy, field structure, post-national analysis三方面展开分析。
5.1 自主性autonomy
（1）布迪厄的研究
比如布迪厄分析艺术规则在19世纪中期兴起，是因为受到资助等因素而自主起来。
Relatively autonomous fields have the capacity to organize field-specific practices and have a logic or law of their own
布迪厄也在分析1968事件时，指出“自主性”丧失的问题了
. This theme is particularly strong in his late work on neo-liberalism: Bourdieu argues that neo-liberal reforms threaten to collapse the separation between economics and politics and between economics and science
（2）批判
由此，场域研究中往往假设，自主的场域是好的场域（‘Field autonomy’ is sometimes referred to as though it was a “good thing”）。但是，这样有两个问题：一是自我中心。But Bourdieu also writes, ‘Autonomy can lead to ‘egoistic’ closing in on the specific interests of the people engaged in the field’二是自组织 In these remarks, Bourdieu seems closer to a notion of ‘selfreferentiality’, the term used by Niklas Luhmann for the internal closure of functional subsystems
为此，作者认为要从这种规范取向转到实践取向，看看How field autonomy is practised under particular conditions, but also how we can group particular forms of field autonomy using field-theoretical categories of analysis.
（3）案例
Rodney Benson2013 法国的媒体业更依靠政府，美国则更靠经济场域支持
——某一场域更加依赖其它场域，并不意味着丧失自主性，资本也可以跨场域转换。
5.2 场域结构field structure
（1）布迪厄研究
常见研究是社会流动导向，给定的场域里有位置，位置上分配了固定的资本
how positions in a given field are filled, that is how people with specific backgrounds are allocated to positions
（2）批判：从研究位置分配，到研究场域之间构成的结构
We can distinguish between questions about the allocation of positions and questions about field structure properly, defined as the way positions in a field are differentiated from each other – or are not differentiated from each other.
（3）案例
比如，在国际人道主义志愿服务里，十红字、无国界医生都的资源策略会是冲突的。
再比如，美国经济学学科的不平衡结构Another example of strong hierarchy is the discipline of economics as analysed by Marion Fourcade.领头的院系有霸权
5.3 后民族国家的分析
（1）布迪厄研究：方法论国家主义
Based on a casual reading one might accuse Bourdieu of methodological nationalism: his own studies, including the classic The Rules of Art (1995) and Homo Academicus (1990), have mostly been of fields organized on the national level.
（2）转向：尺度是很重要滴
Scale itself is a property of fields that can vary and that can be examined empirically.
（3）案例：智利的经济学分成美国/化派和本土派
Scale here becomes a stake in the competition within a field. National fields, for example, may be divided between globalizers and their opponents. Marion Fourcade, for example, discusses how international links have played a role in national fields among economists in ‘peripheral countries’. The Chilean field of professional economics, for example, is divided between those with American degrees who advocate internationalization and others who insist on local standards and signs of recognition (Fourcade 2006)
（Sociological理论大缸第152期）
注：想着，还是应该女士优先呀。还是把Krause排在这一系列的第一期才对呀。
链接：
第151期 Granovetter能得诺贝尔奖?看看《弱关系》是怎么被ASR退稿的
第135期 近10年毕业的美国社会学理论家新秀（待补充）
第26期 刘思达 等：场域理论与生态学异/同几何？对话何许？