【中国论坛热词解码】（第63期）欧盟对于制裁俄罗斯无法统一意见

The problem is that it would be almost impossible for the EU to impose an import ban on Russian oil without support from Germany, the bloc's kingpin.

问题是，如果没有德国的支持，欧盟几乎不可能对俄罗斯石油实施进口禁令，而德国是该集团的主导者。

（英文摘自2022.3.7 POLITICO网站）

This sets up a clash with Berlin, the EU’s economic kingpin, which is highly dependent on Russian energy and pursued years of political appeasement with Putin rather than diversifying supplies. Supported by Hungary and many others, Germany has said that hitting oil and gas is a no-no. Sanctions require unanimity, and apart from Poland and a few other supporters, a full ban on oil and gas seems far from being reached for now.

这使得欧盟与德国出现了矛盾，德国是欧盟的经济支柱、高度依赖俄罗斯能源，多年来一直对普京进行政治安抚，而不是实现供应多样化。在匈牙利和其他许多国家的支持下，德国已经表示，制裁石油和天然气是不可能的。制裁需要达成一致意见，除了波兰和其他一些支持者，目前似乎远远没有未达成对石油和天然气的全面禁止。

（英文摘自2022.3.16 POLITICO网站）

▲图片来源于BBC News网站

The 27-country EU has imposed several packages of sanctions on Russia, including a ban on the export of specific refining technologies to Russia from Europe, making it harder and more expensive for Russia to modernise its oil refineries.

“These technologies are built in Europe, they cannot be easily placed globally by other suppliers,” European Commissioner for Energy Kadri Simson said.

“So we will see that over time there will be a depletion of revenues from the refined oil that in 2019 generated 24 billion euros of revenues for Russia,” she told a European Parliament committee.

欧盟27国已经对俄罗斯实施了几轮制裁，包括禁止从欧洲向俄罗斯出口特定的炼油技术。这使得俄罗斯实现其炼油厂的现代化更加困难且更加昂贵。

“这些技术是在欧洲创造的，它们不能轻易被其他供应商替代变得全球化，”欧洲能源专员卡德利·西姆森说。

她在欧洲议会委员会上表示：“所以我们会看到，随着时间的推移，来自精炼石油的收入将被耗尽。2019年，这些石油为俄罗斯带来了240亿欧元的收入。”

（英文摘自2022.3.3 Reuters 网站）

Production of natural gas in Europe decreased because the North Sea gas fields, which are particularly important sources of natural gas production from the U.K. and the Netherlands, were depleted. And later the Netherlands announced they were completely shutting down their Groningen gas fields because of earthquakes.

Over the same period, the EU has been reducing its dependence on coal to reach its climate goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 and cutting emissions by at least 55% by 2030. Currently, about 20% of EU’s electricity comes from coal production.

欧洲的天然气产量减少，因为北海气田是英国和荷兰特别重要的天然气生产来源，这些气田已经枯竭。而后来荷兰宣布他们因为地震而完全关闭了他们的格罗宁根气田。

在同一时期，欧盟一直在减少对煤炭的依赖，以达到2050年实现碳中和的气候目标，和到2030年至少减少55%的排放的目标。目前，欧盟大约20%的电力来自煤炭生产。

（英文摘自2022.2.24 CNBC 网站）

But Europe’s farewell to Russian gas will be a long goodbye; it will take most of the decade for the continent to wean itself from those supplies, which now account for more than 40 percent of its gas imports. So for now, Europe will keep buying from Russia as the war in Ukraine expands. And if energy prices continue to rise, the amount of money Europe pays to Russia each day will keep increasing, and could average $850 million per day in the first half of 2022, according to our calculations.

但欧洲对俄罗斯天然气的告别将是一场漫长的告别；欧洲需要用近十年来摆脱俄罗斯的供应，这些供应现在占其天然气进口的40%以上。因此，目前，随着乌克兰战争的扩大，欧洲将继续从俄罗斯购买。如果能源价格继续上涨，欧洲每天支付给俄罗斯的金额将不断增加，根据我们的计算，在2022年上半年平均每天可能有8.5亿美元。

（英文摘自 2022.3.12 The New York Times 网站）

European Union leaders will tackle ways to wean themselves off Russian fossil fuels on Thursday and debate how quickly to do so, with countries split over whether to sanction oil and gas imports as Moscow wages war in Ukraine.

欧盟领导人将在周四就如何摆脱俄罗斯的化石燃料，并如何快速做到这一点进行辩论。各国在是否制裁石油和天然气进口方面存在分歧。

（英文摘自2022.3.10 Reuters 网站）

▲图片来源于DECCAN HERALD网站

EU leaders have so far eschewed setting a deadline to phase out Russian fossil fuels. However, they are poised to agree on voluntary joint purchasing of gas, liquefied natural gas (LNG) and hydrogen, in an attempt to lever collective purchasing power “to dampen prices”, according to a draft summit communique.

欧盟领导人迄今为止一直在避免为淘汰俄罗斯的化石燃料设定最后期限。然而，根据一份峰会公报草案，他们准备就自愿联合购买天然气、液化天然气（LNG）和氢气达成一致，以试图利用集体购买力来“抑制价格”。

（英文摘自 2022.3.24 The Guardian网站）

Oil erased early losses after the European Union eschewed sanctions on Russian oil, and investors weighed the outlook for the dollar.

在欧盟回避了对俄罗斯石油的制裁后，石油弥补了早期的损失，投资者也在权衡美元前景。

（英文摘自 2022.4.5 Bloomsberg News网站）

Von der Leyen also said Tuesday: “We are working on additional sanctions, including on oil imports, and we are reflecting on some of the ideas presented by the member states, such as taxes or specific payment channels such as an escrow account.”

冯德莱恩周二还表示，“我们正在研究额外的制裁措施，包括对石油进口的制裁，我们正在反思成员国提出的一些想法，比如税收或特定的支付渠道，如托管账户。”

（英文摘自 2022.4.5 CNBC网站）

Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen said that creating an escrow account for proceeds from Russian oil and gas sales was a possibility as the U.S. and its allies seek ways to tighten sanctions on Russia for its invasion of Ukraine.

美国财政部长珍妮特·耶伦表示，在美国及其盟国寻求加强对俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的制裁的过程中，有可能会为俄罗斯的石油和天然气销售收入设立一个托管账户。

（英文摘自 2022.4.7 Bloomsberg网站）