【TED演讲】非洲当地社区主导的野生动物保护

中英文字幕

The world has lost 68 percent of its wildlife populations in under 50 years.

在不到50年时间里68%的野生动物从地球上消失。

And there are people around the world working to protect and grow the wildlife that is left.

世界各地的工作者正在努力保护、培育幸存的野生动物。

In Africa, however, the approach to conserving this wildlife has almost always involved a separation of people from nature, the involvement,

然而，非洲的野生动物保护工作往往将人类与自然割裂开，当地人只能参与其中，

but never leadership, from local people, and a problem statement that has often come from outside our continent.

而不能领导工作，另外，提出问题的往往不是非洲人。

Basically years ago, colonial governments decided that we, as Africans, were not fit to take care of our own wildlife.

多年前，殖民政府决议，非洲人自己并不适合保护野生动物。

And so people who had lived alongside wildlife for generations were removed from their ancestral lands and called new names.

因此，生生世世与野生动物相依而居的人们被迫离开自己祖先居住的土地。

Poachers, encroachers, squatters.

还被冠以新的名号：偷猎者、侵占者、非法占有者。

The story of conservation, as a result, has almost always then involved only a foreign scientist with a clipboard or a guy in green with a gun,

所以，野生动物保护的故事大都是个拿着写字板夹的外国专家，或者是一个手持枪械、

there to protect that wildlife from everyone else.

身穿绿衣的人来保护野生动物不受他人侵害。

The rest of us have never existed in this story.

故事中没有我们其他人。

And those who came to save species, came from the outside.

而那些动物保护专家都是外来的。

And when they came, they were labeled heroes.

人们称这些外来的动物保护专家为英雄。

They had to teach local people how to live alongside wildlife on the fringes of wild lands that they used to own.

他们站在当地人曾拥有的土地上指导他们如何与野生动物共生。

This has created two distinct problems.

这就出现了两个明显问题。

One, because we don't often tell our own stories,

第一，因为我们很少讲述自己的故事。

it means that those who are closest to the wildlife are not seen as invested in conserving that wildlife compared to those who've come from the outside.

所以最亲近野生动物的人对野生动物的付出鲜为人知，相比之下，外来者的投入更为人所知。

And because foreign conservationists have sometimes not taken into consideration the needs of local people,

还有，由于外来环保主义者有时并没有考虑当地人的需求，

they are then seen as caring more for animal life than for human life.

他们被视为关心动物多于关心人类。

If we do not change this approach to conservation in Africa, we will lose all of our wildlife and with it, a part of our humanity.

如果非洲野生动物保护的政策不变，我们就会失去所有野生动物，我们部分的人性也将随之消失。

I believe that the time for Africans to define conservation ourselves has come.

我相信，非洲人自己定义野生动物保护时机已经到了。

And when Africa leads its own conservation efforts,

非洲人自己领导的保护工作，

we will not only restore our wildlife populations but our land and our cultures and our broken relationship with nature.

不仅要恢复野生动物数量，还要捍卫我们的土地、我们的文化，修复我们与自然破碎的关系。

Through my work with Ewaso Lions, an organization based in northern Kenya doing lion conservation, I am working with a group of people who,

我与埃瓦索狮子合作，这是肯尼亚北部的一个狮子保护工作组织，

together we are co-designing what that conservation could look like.

我和我的同事一起绘制野生动物保护的蓝图。

But first, a little about myself.

但是首先，我来介绍一下自己。

I grew up in a crumbling bungalow in the heart of Nairobi, Kenya's capital city.

我在内罗毕市中心的一个破旧小平房里长大，内罗毕是肯尼亚的首都。

Long before it was called Nairobi by the Maasai, the nomadic pastoralists where I get my heritage, they had called it a different name.

早在马赛部落称它为内罗毕之前，游牧民族，我的文化遗产的来源，我的祖先用一个不同名字称呼内罗毕：

Nakusontelon.

纳库森特隆。

The beginning of all beauty.

“所有美丽的起点”。

As they would graze their cows and goats on the banks of the river, they would watch the evening sun creep down the acacia trees.

他们在河边放牧着牛羊，看着夕阳西下，映照金合欢的树影。

That was their vision of beauty.

那就是他们心中的美好。

Centuries later, I would do the same.

几百年后的我目睹同样美好的事物。

I would watch the monkeys in the giant trees.

我看见生活在大树上的猴子。

And colorful birds would call to each other in the morning.

色彩斑斓的鸟儿每天早晨相互呼唤。

In October, when the nandi flame trees would drop the last of their fiery orangy flowers, that we would use for hopscotch in school,

十月，南迪火焰树落下最后一朵火焰般的橘色花朵，我们捡起来，用它在学校玩跳房子，

there would be thousands and thousands of jacaranda trees in full bloom across the city, reminding us that it was the start of exam season.

整座城市里，数不清的蓝花楹木的花朵争相开放，提醒着我们考试周马上就要到了。

Have you studied?

你复习了吗？

Are you ready?

你准备好了吗？

They seemed to say.

它们好像在对我们说。

We were just a part of nature.

我们就是自然的一部分。

It was just a fact.

事实就是这样。

And then the chainsaws came.

后来，那群人拿着电锯来到这里。

They cut down so much of what I loved.

他们砍倒了许多我心爱的树木，

They cut down my memories.

还带走了我的回忆。

And they have kept coming not just to my city, but to places around the world.

他们不仅来到我的城市，还去到世界其他地方，

And not just for trees, but for everything.

不仅砍伐树木，还在自然界搞别的破坏。

Let me put some numbers here so you understand what I mean.

我来用一组数据解释。

Lions have lost 92 percent of the area that they used to roam in Africa.

非洲的狮子已经失去了92%的生存空间。

Out of a possible 100,000 lions maybe just a century ago, there are now only about 20,000 lions left in Africa.

一百年前，非洲狮子的数量大致是十万只，而现在只剩下大约两万只了。

And in Kenya, there are only 2,500 lions left or thereabouts.

而在肯尼亚，狮子只有大约2500只了。

So what do you do when you're confronted with such loss?

要如何应对如此大的损失？

The answer for me was to study.

我的答案是努力学习。

And so at the University of Nairobi, equipped with new zoological expertise,

我在内罗毕大学学习了最新的动物学专业知识，

I was informed that I could go out and teach local people how to live alongside wildlife.

有人对我说，我可以去指导当地人如何与野生动物共存了。

Where did that thinking come from, that I could go out and teach people how to live?

让我去教别人该怎么生活，这怎么可能？

At the University of Oxford, I took my studies further.

我前往牛津大学继续深造。

And I really began to unearth the conservation models that had led us to this point.

我才真正开始摸索到今天这一步的保护模式。

And while my studies have provided a frame with which to view what was happening,

虽然我的研究为观察现状提供了框架，

it is really on the ground in my country doing the work that I have gained the most perspective and clarity.

但只有在我的国家脚踏实地地工作时，我才有了更多视角和清晰的认知。

In the Samburu region of northern Kenya, there's still little separation between people and wildlife and livestock.

在肯尼亚北部桑布鲁地区，人与野生动物、家畜相处融洽。

Here, you can still hear the cow bells clanging as a little boy brings his goats to water on the mighty Ewaso Ng'iro river.

这里有男童牵着羊群到美丽的埃瓦索恩吉罗河边饮水，羊群的铃铛叮铃作响，

And behind him, nibbling on the tops of trees, are giraffes.

长颈鹿在后咀嚼着树叶，

And behind that, the rumble of elephants.

大象在更远处发出低沉的声响。

It is here that I have found a group of people who are pushing back on that narrative,

我就是在这里遇见了一群伙伴，他们抵制排除当地人、

that excludes us and tells us that we're not fit to lead and really building true community-led conservation.

当地人无法领导保护工作的诸多言论，并真正设立社区主导的野生动物保护工作。

There is so much to this approach that I believe, could be important to form the new Kenyan and the new African conservation.

我相信这套方法可以真正建设肯尼亚乃至整个非洲的新野生动物保护政策。

So let me share some of those things.

我来分享几个故事。

First, out with parachute conservation and in with indigenous local leadership.

首先，拒绝“空降保护”，捍卫本地领导。

Parachute conservation might be a new term for some.

也许有些人没有听说过空降保护。

But it's just that old superhero story.

但这不过就是老掉牙的超级英雄故事。

You jet in, you have all the answers.

一个超级英雄手握所有答案从天而降，

You employ a few people to effect your solutions.

雇佣几个人来实施自己的计划，

And then you leave or you never hand over.

随后就直接离开，或者一直不把权利转交给别人。

And the world labels you a hero.

然后世人都说他是个英雄。

This sort of conservation is so detrimental.

这样的保护手段有明显弊端。

Because it means that local people will forever be the helpers or the local informants, and never the leaders and the decision makers.

这意味着当地人永远只能打打下手、提供信息，却不能成为领导者、决策者。

And when that happens, people lose.

发生这样的事情，我们就输掉了这场游戏。

And when people lose, wildlife loses.

人们一旦被打败，野生动物也随之被打败。

So what's a better way?

那么有什么更好的方法呢？

Let me give you an example.

我来举个例子。

One of the first people to join the Ewaso Lions project was Jeneria Lekilelei, a young Samburu warrior at the time, and now a junior elder.

耶内利亚·莱基莱莱是埃瓦索狮子项目的创始成员之一，他当时是一名年轻桑布鲁部落勇士，现在是一名初级长老。

Now this is not some crazy thing you wouldn't understand.

这些疯狂的事情你们可能无法理解。

A Samburu warrior is just a young man between the ages of 15 and 30 or thereabouts.

桑布鲁部落勇士是大约15-30岁的年轻人，

And it is his job to take care of the family's livestock.

负责照顾家族养的牲畜。

The Samburu and the Maasai are brother tribes.

桑布鲁和马赛是兄弟部落。

But while I have lost quite a lot of my Maasai heritage to city life, Jeneria still lives a very traditional Samburu life.

虽然城市生活方式已经代替了我的许多马赛传统习俗，但是耶内利亚仍然过着非常传统的桑布鲁部落生活。

And so while I was at home, watching David Attenborough and loving lions, Jeneria was hating lions.

所以，我在家里看英国自然纪录片主持人大卫·爱登堡的节目，喜欢着狮子的时候，耶内利亚却憎恨着狮子。

He saw them as the killers of his cows.

在他眼里狮子是牛群的杀手。

And it's understandable that when a lion comes along and takes the family cow or the family camel, there's going to be anger.

这是能理解的，因为狮子会吃掉家族饲养养的牛、骆驼，

And people will go out and kill lions.

人们发怒了就会去捕杀狮子。

But Jeneria had an idea.

但是耶内利亚有了一个主意。

He wanted to involve warriors like himself in conservation.

他希望自己这样的勇士加入保护的队伍。

He knew that these warriors had the exact skills to track and kill lions every time they'd go after livestock.

他知道，部落勇士们技术高超，能够在狮子伤害家畜后跟踪、捕杀狮子。

He also knew that these warriors had never been brought to the decision-making table.

他也知道这群勇士从未坐上决策椅。

And so he brought them.

所以耶内利亚请勇士们一起来决策。

And he said: Instead of us tracking lions to kill them, let us track lions and then tell every other herder where these lions are,

他说，“我们应该追踪狮子，告知其他放牧者狮子生活的区域，而不应该捕杀狮子。

so that livestock are safe and lions are safe.

这样家畜和狮子都是安全的。

And they can share the space.

这样他们就可以共存。”

And it is through Jeneria's Warrior Watch program that he has worked with these warriors as conservation leaders.

通过耶内利亚与勇士们领导的勇士守望项目，

And they have saved lions hundreds of times in this way.

他们用这种方式拯救狮子数百次。

And Jeneria, as the director of community conservation, has worked with his community over these years.

耶内利亚作为社区主导保护工作的负责人，几年来与整个社区共同努力，

And the Samburu lion population has tripled.

使桑布鲁部落的狮子数量翻了三倍。

Next, let us stop merely involving women.

下一步，让女性不仅仅是参与者。

Women must be as much part of the solution as men.

女性一定要在保护工作中拥有与男性同等的地位。

And if our imagination for 50 percent of the world's human population ends at involvement, we have already lost.

如果我们对世界50%人口的想象力仅仅停止在参与工作，我们就已经输了。

So women where I work demanded to be part of conservation.

所以，与我共事的女性强烈要求加入保护工作。

They said...

她们说——

They did this, not just because they saw the men.

自己这么做，不仅是因为看见了男人的工作，

But because they have a historical stake in the game.

还有一个历史原因。

In the Samburu creation story, wildlife belong to women.

桑布鲁的神话故事中，野生动物属于女人。

So the story goes that all the animals in the world at the beginning of time belong to the Samburu, and they were all livestock.

故事是这样说的：在很久很久以前，桑布鲁拥有世界上所有动物，那时这些动物都是家畜。

The men were apparently very good livestock keepers, whereas the women were terrible and irresponsible.

显然男人擅于饲养家畜，而女人既糟糕又不负责任，

And they let the livestock out of the enclosure.

把家畜都放出去了。

And donkeys became zebras.

就这样，驴子变成了斑马。

And camels became giraffes.

骆驼变成了长颈鹿。

And that's how the wildlife of the world came to be.

世界上的野生动物就是这样而来的。

So these women took this myth and they said: We are turning this patriarchal myth on its head.

因此女人们面对这样的神话故事说，“我们要彻底颠覆这父权制的神话。

We are the people who own the wildlife.

既然野生动物属于我们。

And so you're doing wildlife conservation?

你在做野生动物保护工作吗？

Then that's our business.

那是我们该做的事。”

And one of them who said this was Munteli, who is the coordinator of the Mother of Lions program.

蒙泰利就是其中一员，她是狮子之母项目的负责人，

The Mama Simba program.

辛巴妈妈项目。

So Munteli said that as part of their work providing lion locations and forming a home network, that all the women, including herself,

蒙泰利说，她们的工作之一是确定狮子的位置，建立家庭网络，

need to be taught to read and write.

因此包括她的所有女性都要学习读写。

And so they were attending class once a week.

所以她们每星期上一次课。

And then Munteli came back and said: Actually, you know, we have far overtaken the men.

蒙泰利回来对我们说，“实际上我们早就超过男人了。

So we have built an enclosure in our village.

我们在村子里建立了一处场地，

Bring your teacher and bring your whiteboard.

把你们的老师请过来，带上白板，

We want lessons four times a week.

我们想一周上四次课。”

And so the women were learning.

就这样女人开始上课了。

And then Munteli came back and said: You people are not letting me do my work.

接下来蒙泰利又说，“我还是不能好好工作啊，

I need to reach women in so many other villages.

我得和那么多其他村子的女人打交道。”

And so we asked her: Munteli, what would you like?

我们问她：“蒙泰利，你需要什么呢？”

And she said: Teach me how to drive.

她说，“教我开车吧。”

Munteli is now one of the first traditional Samburu women to drive a car.

现在，蒙泰利是第一批会开车的传统桑布鲁女人。

In her region.

在她的地区。

And she, after just learning how to read and write just a few years ago, she texts lion locations in three different languages.

她几年前刚刚学会阅读写字，现在她能用三种语言发信息交流狮子的位置。

She has proved that the impossible is now possible.

她将不可能的事情变成了可能。

She has expanded the room for women to participate in conservation.

她扩大了女性参与保护工作的空间。

And there is room for all of them.

现在人人都有机会参与。

Conservation is about people.

保护工作与人类息息相关。

I have learned that the people who are keeping lions roaming in Kenya today are warriors and women and children and elders.

我认识到今天让狮子畅游在肯尼亚的大地上的人是勇士、女人、儿童和老人。

They are people educated by their culture.

他们是受传统文化滋养的人。

They are urbanites with a respect for that culture.

他们是尊重传统文化的城市居民。

And as more Africans allow co-existence to happen in our spaces,

在这里，随着更多非洲人与野生动物共存，

we will turn back the clock on wildlife declines and really make life better for all of us.

我们就能逆转野生动物数量下降的趋势，真正让我们的生活更美好。

It is time for conservation to be broad.

现在是时候扩大保护工作的范畴了，

Broad enough not just to include a species in trouble,

不但要保护一个濒危物种，

but our land and our cultures, our innovation, our story, us.

还要保护我们的土地，我们的文化，我们的创造，我们的故事，我们自己。

Who we were, who we are and who we want to be.

我们的过去，我们的现在，我们希冀的未来。

Thank you.

谢谢。