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期刊主页:https://www.springer.com/journal/42864
投稿网址:https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/w
封面:
Influence of recrystallization on tungsten divertor monoblock under high heat flux
再结晶效应对高热负荷下偏滤器钨材料的影响
Designer: 宋久鹏(厦门钨业有限公司)
封面文章网址:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42864-021-00126-1
本期文章限时免费开放6周(8.16起),欢迎阅读了解!
主持人简介
吕广宏 教授
《Tungsten》副主编
北京航空航天大学
专刊文章简介
1. Preface to the special issue on Advanced Nuclear Materials
Guang-hong Lu(吕广宏,北京航空航天大学)
吕广宏教授主持的先进核材料专刊,包括2篇综述,7篇研究文章
文章网址:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42864-022-00154-5
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2. Recent research progress on the compatibility of tritium breeders with structural materials and coatings in fusion reactors
聚变堆包层结构材料及涂层与增殖剂相容性研究进展
Chi Wang, Bao-Long Ji, Shou-Xi Gu, Qiang Qi*(戚强,中科院等离子体物理研究所), Lei Chen, Hai-Shan Zhou*(周海山,中科院等离子体物理研究所), Song-Lin Liu & Guang-Nan Luo
原文网址:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42864-022-00160-7
摘要 核聚变能是一种潜在的清洁安全能源。作为氘-氚(D-T)聚变反应堆的燃料,氚的生产和增殖需要通过中子和增殖材料中的锂反应实现。反应堆运行时,包层将在高温、辐照的严苛环境下长期服役。氚增殖材料与结构材料长期接触,其接触面将发生腐蚀,改变材料表面的微观结构,从而影响材料的机械性能、热传导性能和氚渗透性能等。为避免结构材料遭受腐蚀,各种涂层被应用于结构材料表面,同时涂层也起到阻止氚渗透的作用。核聚变堆增殖包层中的氚增殖剂对结构材料及涂层的腐蚀一直是一个备受关注的问题。本文介绍了液态和固态氚增殖剂对候选结构材料低活化钢、ODS钢、碳化硅、钒合金以及各种涂层的腐蚀行为的研究进展。
[1] Kondo M, et al. Fusion Eng Des. 2012;87: 1777.
[2] Xu Q, et al. Fusion Eng Des. 2008;83: 1477.
[3] Kondo M, et al. J Nucl Mater. 2011;417: 1200.
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3. A review of late-stage tungsten fuzz growth
J.A.R. Wright* (University of Cambridge)
原文网址:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42864-021-00133-2
Abstract Tungsten will be used as the plasma-facing divertor material in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) fusion reactor. Under high temperatures and high ion fluxes, a ‘fuzz’ nanostructure forms on the tungsten surface with dramatically different properties and could contaminate the plasma. Although simulations and experimental observations have provided understanding of the initial fuzz formation process, there is debate over whether tungsten or helium migration is rate-limiting during late-stage growth, and the mechanisms by which tungsten and helium migrations occur. Here, the proposed mechanisms are considered in turn. It is concluded that tungsten migration occurs by adatom diffusion along the fuzz surface. Continual helium migration through the porous fuzz to the tungsten bulk is also required for fuzz growth, for continued bubble growth and rupture. Helium likely migrates due to ballistic penetration, although diffusion may contribute. It is difficult to determine the limiting process, which may switch from helium penetration to tungsten adatom diffusion above a threshold flux. Areas for further research to clarify the mechanisms are then considered. A greater understanding of the fuzz formation mechanism is key to the successful design of plasma-facing tungsten components, and may have applications in forming porous tungsten catalysts.
Fig. 2 ITER scale model. Arrows indicate the tungsten divertor at the base of the torus [4].
[4] The beauty of the beast. ITER 2013. http://www.iter.org/newsline/252/1449. Accessed 13 Dec 2020
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4.Influence of recrystallization on tungsten divertor monoblock under high heat flux
再结晶效应对高热负荷下偏滤器钨材料的影响
Yu-Zhong Jin, Xiang Liu(刘翔,成都核工业西南物理研究院), You-Yun Lian & Jiu-Peng Song*(宋久鹏,厦门钨业有限公司)
原文网址:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42864-021-00126-1
摘要 未来聚变堆偏滤器将面临高达20 MW·m⁻²的超高热负荷,将导致钨材料发生再结晶,根据ITER材料手册,发生再结晶后的钨材料在低温段(<450℃)表现出明显脆性,在高温段(>450℃)其强度将大幅度降低,但延伸率会增加、塑性会增强。本文对类ITER(国际热核聚变实验堆)穿管偏滤器进行了有限元分析,对ITER级纯钨的两种状态(去应力钨和再结晶钨)分别进行了热-结构分析,并基于SDC-IC《ITER真空室内部件结构设计准则》,对两种状态的纯钨材料进行了递进变形破坏和疲劳寿命的评估。除此之外,本文还阐述了稳态热负载条件下不同再结晶温度对偏滤器钨材料的热机械行为的影响分析。结果表明,发生再结晶后,钨材料的热应力很大程度上通过更大的塑性应变得以缓释,然而,由于大的塑性变形量将导致材料发生低周应变疲劳破坏,再结晶钨在20 MW·m⁻²的循环热负荷下较去应力钨更容易发生递进变形破坏,疲劳寿命也更低;另外,由于具有较低再结晶温度的钨材料在高温下变形较具有高再结晶温度的钨材料更为严重,具有更低的再结晶温度的钨材料更容易产生裂纹,因此,发展具有高再结晶温度、高强度、强韧性的先进钨基材料对未来聚变堆超高热负荷偏滤器具有重要意义。本文工作为研究偏滤器钨材料在未来聚变堆超高热流工况下的热力学行为特征创建了基础。
图3 穿管偏滤器模块优化前(左)后(右)温度分布对比。
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5.Effects of Zr/Mo addition on He bubble formation in Y2O3-added W alloys
Qiu Xu*(Kyoto University), M. Miyamoto & Lai-Ma Luo
原文网址:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42864-021-00131-4
Abstract To improve the mechanical properties of the Y₂O₃-added W alloy, Mo and Zr were independently added to a sample of W-Y₂O₃. In this study, the effects of minor additions of elemental Mo and Zr on He bubble formation in the Y₂O₃ added W alloys were investigated at 773 K, 973 K, and 1173 K, where the maximum irradiation fluence of the samples using 5 keV He ions was 1.8 × 1021 He m⁻². He bubbles were observed at all temperatures for both alloys; however, the irradiation fluences at which He bubbles could be observed differed at each temperature. With increase in irradiation temperature, the He irradiation fluence for which the formation of He bubbles could be observed decreased. At the relatively low temperature of 773 K, the void swelling in the W-Mo-Y₂O₃ and W-Zr-Y₂O₃ alloys was slightly lower than that of W-Y₂O₃ alloy. However, at high temperature of 973 K and 1173 K, the He irradiation resistances of both W-Mo-Y₂O₃ and W-Zr-Y₂O₃ were worse than that of W-Y₂O₃. The addition of Zr enhanced the interaction between vacancies and He, enhancing the formation of He bubbles. However, the addition of Mo coarsened the Y₂O₃ particles, reducing the suppression of vacancy cluster formation due to the dispersion of Y₂O₃ particles. It is, therefore, necessary to fully consider mechanical properties and T-retention in addition to the irradiation resistance of He to select an alloy as the plasma-facing material for fusion applications.
Fig. 4 He bubble formation in W-Zr-Y₂O₃ alloy during irradiation by 5-keV He ions at 1173 K
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6. Effects of hydrogen charging and deformation on tensile properties of a multi-component alloy for nuclear applications
充氢和形变对核用多主元合金的拉伸性能的影响
Te Zhu(朱特,香港大学), Zhi-Hong Zhong, Koichi Sato, Ya-Min Song, Feng-Jiao Ye, Qian-Qian Wang, Ye Dong, Peng Zhang, Run-Sheng Yu, Bao-Yi Wang, Alfonso H. W. Ngan, Xing-Zhong Cao* (曹兴忠,中国科学院高能物理研究所) & Qiu Xu* (徐虬,日本京都大学)
原文网址:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42864-022-00148-3
摘要 本文采用电子显微镜和正电子湮没寿命谱学(PALS)研究了电化学或高压气态充氢和预形变对60Fe-12Cr-10Mn-15Cu-3Mo多主元合金拉伸行为的影响。结果表明,该合金中氢致空位团簇加速裂纹形核,是裂纹萌生的主要原因。氢进入材料内与其中的铜富集纳米颗粒相互作用,促进胞状位错的形成,这些胞状位错可能是充氢后材料硬化的原因。此外,还发现预形变对缓减氢脆有一定效果。该成果对丰富氢脆理论具有重要意义。
图5 充氢前后(50 mA·cm⁻²下充氢3 h)拉伸试样的显微结构。(a) Cu纳米颗粒在未充氢试样中均匀分布,(b)未充氢拉伸试样的微观结构,(c)未氢拉伸试样的断裂表面(红色箭头表示裂纹),(d)氢拉伸试样的微观结构,可观察到胞状位错结构,(e)充氢拉伸试样的断裂表面。
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7. Role of hydrogen in stability and mobility of vacancy clusters in tungsten
氢对钨中空位团簇稳定性和迁移行为的影响研究
Hao-Xuan Huang, Yu-Hao Li*(李宇浩, 北京航空航天大学), Zhong-Zhu Li, Peng-Wei Hou, Fang-Fei Ma, Qing-Yuan Ren, Hong-Bo Zhou*(周洪波, 北京航空航天大学) & Guang-Hong Lu(吕广宏, 北京航空航天大学)
原文网址:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42864-022-00151-8
摘要 本文采用第一原理计算与对象动力学蒙特卡洛相结合的方法,研究了氢对钨中空位团簇稳定性和迁移能力的影响,发现氢的存在不仅可以提高空位团簇的结合能,还会改变空位团簇的最稳定构型。更重要的是,研究发现小尺寸氢-空位复合体的迁移势垒明显低于其解离能,即钨中氢-空位复合体可以协同迁移。这不同于传统上认为氢-空位复合体先解离、再迁移的观点,可为理解辐照缺陷的演化行为提供参考。
图6 (a-b) H-V₃复合体和 (c-d) H₂-V₃复合体在钨中的迁移路径与势垒
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8.First-principles study of substitutional solute and carbon interactions in tungsten
钨中碳与合金元素相互作用的第一性原理研究
Xiang-Shan Kong*(孔祥山,山东大学), Chi Song, Liang Chen, Zhuo-Ming Xie, Chang-Song Liu & Jie Hou*(侯捷,加拿大麦吉尔大学的)
原文网址:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42864-022-00145-6
摘要 本文通过第一性原理研究,系统地计算了碳、合金元素、以及辐照空位之间的结合能等关键数据。研究表明,碳与合金元素之间的结合由弹性相互作用主导,且多数情况下二者之间相互吸引。进一步的计算还发现,碳虽然能与合金元素以及辐照空位同时结合形成三元复合体,但整体上,碳/合金元素会削弱对方与空位之间的结合能。基于上述结果,作者评估了碳与合金元素共存时的扩散行为,发现铬与钒元素能降低碳的扩散系数,而其他常见的合金则对碳扩散的影响较弱。与此对应的,碳能够弱化合金元素-空位之间的结合,因此能够减慢空位诱导的合金元素扩散。
图7 合金元素与碳之间的结合能,这里考虑了碳分布于合金元素的第一至第六近邻八面体间隙位置的情况。
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9. Atomic study of hydrogen behaviors at ∑3(111) grain boundary in equiatomic CoCrNi and CoCrNiFe alloys
CoCrNi和CoCrNiFe合金中∑3(111)晶界处氢行为的原子尺度研究
Hua-Qing Guan, Yan-Mei Jing & Shao-Song Huang*(黄绍松,大连理工大学)
原文网址:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42864-022-00152-7
摘 要 本文通过第一性原理计算,从原子尺度层面探究了特定元素对氢原子在CoCrNi和CoCrNiFe合金中∑3晶界处行为的影响。结果表明,铬元素将氢原子限制在特定的电势位置,从而有助于抑制氢的偏析;铁原子和氢原子的偶极矩相互作用削弱了氢原子之间的结合。进一步的计算还发现,合金中不同元素的晶格畸变效应诱导的陷阱作用限制了氢原子在∑3晶界附近的扩散。这些都有利于提高合金的抗氢脆性能。
图8 a:CoCrNi和CoCrNiFe合金中每个原子的电荷量。b:掺杂氢原子前后局部差分电荷密度情况
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10.Microstructure, hardening and deuterium retention in CVD tungsten irradiated with neutrons at temperatures of defect recovery stages II and III
国产CVD-钨涂层的辐照缺陷、氘滞留行为研究
Xiao-Ou Yi*(易晓鸥,北京科技大学), Tatsuya Kuwabara, Vladimir Kh. Alimov, Yu-Feng Du, Wen-Tuo Han, Ping-Ping Liu, Bin-You Yan, Jiu-Peng Song, Kenta Yoshida, Takeshi Toyama, Fa-Rong Wan, Somei Ohnuki, Yuji Hatano & Yasuyoshi Nagai
原文网址:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42864-022-00161-6
摘要 金属钨是核聚变反应堆中面向等离子体部件的主要候选材料。运用化学气相沉积(Chemical Vapour Deposition, CVD)方法可制备高纯(> 99.999 wt.%)、高致密(> 19.2 g/cm³)、适用于多种异形构件的厚钨涂层。近年来,厦门钨业股份有限公司宋久鹏博士等开展了国产CVD-钨涂层的制备工艺系统研究,并证实该材料在导热、耐热冲击性方面较粉末冶金和塑性变形(如轧制、锻造)制备的块体钨具有显著优势。然而,CVD钨涂层作为聚变堆面向等离子体材料的应用可行性仍需大量中子辐照实验及辐照后的材料结构与性能测评予以验证。本文介绍了国产CVD-钨低剂量中子辐照损伤缺陷、力学性能与氘滞留行为的最新研究成果。
图9 CVD-钨中子辐照损伤缺陷的透射电镜表征:a 373-483 K /0.15 dpa; b 573-673 K/0.15 dpa
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专刊介绍
Tungsten专刊-王金淑、王俊:难熔金属及其化合物的新型应用
Tungsten专刊-吕广宏、罗广南:金属材料在核聚变领域的应用
Tungsten专刊-宫勇吉、刘政:钨、钼基二维储能与转换材料的应用
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